héoriquement T, the law said that families would receive the Mapuche territory corresponding to the space they occupied. In fact, the authorities considered that what was served was the area that covered their house and garden. It did not take into consideration the fact that it was a people that moved and uplifted animals over large areas potatoes ...
Mapuche families have been reduced to living on a few acres, rarely more than ten. Overproduction of these lands has decreased the yield of the soil has lost its value and many Mapuche were forced to migrate to large cities, including Santiago, where they made an undemanding workforce occupying unskilled jobs.
Who settled on large tracts of land?
By the early twentieth century, Chilean government deliberately encourages the creation of large landholdings, the " fundos , neighbors of the Mapuche communities. 45 000 hectares were issued to such a Eleuterio Dominguez in the Lake Budi. In return, it should populate the area settlers.
Dominguez managed to convince poor farmers to the Canary Island by promising wonders, but when they arrive in Chile, they are exploited shamelessly. In the archives of the 30s, a report of the intendant of the province reported a possible alliance Cautín between farmers and settlers from the Canary Mapuche communities. An alliance of malcontents ...
By the early twentieth century, the Mapuche claim their territory. They protest in the context of courts provided for this purpose, " juzgados de indios " but they always give due to the large landowners.
How are these large properties in the area of Lieu-Lieu?
On late nineteenth century, a family newly arrived from Germany is a large property of 6000 hectares, the Fundo Tranaquepe. Around, there are several Mapuche communities composed of dozens of families reduced to living on reserves of 300 to 400 hectares.
Agrarian reform is taking place, beginning with President Alessandri in 1961, continues and deepens with Frei Montalva with Allende. Fundo Tranaquepe then expropriated for the benefit of laborers who worked there, but not for the benefit of the Mapuche.
Of Discussions will be forged between Mapuche and local officials of the Allende government, to consider their demands, but the military coup put an end to these talks ...
What happens to these lands under dictatorship?
Soldiers begin by destroying the institutions which supported agrarian reform and that made viable small-scale peasant (credit, technical assistance, etc..). Farmers sell and large properties like Fundo Tranaquepe reconstitute themselves to be sold to foreign multinationals, primarily forest receiving grants from the military government.
Objective: To encourage the cultivation of pine and eucalyptus, which destroys all other endemic trees and depleting aquifers. Result: the Mapuche community, adjacent to the logging, have problems of water supply. And fumigation of pesticides and fertilizers on pines and eucalyptus have catastrophic consequences on their gardens.
The Mapuche they are not covered dictatorship?
Often, the Mapuche have had leadership roles at the time of land reform, which earned them to be victims of violent repression of the dictatorship. Among the people that make possible torture is a Chilean Santos Jorquera, who owns about 200 hectares of land in the region since 1930.
During the dictatorship, he put his property available to law enforcement agencies, which earned him the nickname " Soplón ," one who complains, who has collaborated extensively with dictatorship.
His name is at the center of the trial of Cañete. The day the caravan of armored Tax Elgueta confronts the Mapuche, October 15, 2008, Elgueta has just to go to the Santos Jorquera, who had been visited, some time ago by masked assailants who allegedly threatened to burn his house.
What is very strange is that Jorquera and her role as torturer appear nowhere in the trial. The prosecution deliberately trying to hide the political dimension of the trial and prove the thesis of an interethnic conflict.
What are today, the claims of the Mapuche?
They have two types of claims. First, those based on documents proving ownership, " títulos Merced, the state has issued Chilean Mapuche. Many large landowners neighboring the Mapuche lands were moving the pen a couple of meters and are thus suitable tens of hectares.
Generally, when the state is faced with this situation, the title of ownership issued by itself has evidently not been met, he gave a mission to CONADI (National Corporation for Indigenous Development) purchase land and given away free to the Mapuche.
Hector and CAM (Arthur Dressler) Other Mapuche believe that these " títulos Merced " are illegitimate because they come from a military conquest and have not meet the actual space occupied not families. In other words, lands that timber companies have on paper today, historically theirs.
Mapuche activists also claim political rights, as a people, that is to say, the possibility of exercising political autonomy.
On what evidence supported the Mapuche to claim their land?
Sometimes, a community named after a sacred tree, a mountain ... but it does have more. Today, many Chilean Mapuche and historians work on memory and trace the history of space based on reviews conducted by the military general in charge of the conquest of territory.
They made frequent references to " Loncos (Mapuche traditional leaders) and described precisely the territory they occupied, detailing the area in which they have jurisdiction. Complaints by the Mapuche in the courts (" juzgados de indios") are also documentary evidence which allow Mapuche to amass evidence and to argue effectively their land claims.
What is the current reality of the Mapuche people of this region?
The forestale Mininco has about 700 000 hectares of land in Chile. We must put this in perspective with 600 000 hectares of land, which represent all land owned by the Mapuche people, estimated at about 800 000 people in Chile.
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